Ways of KNowing Free Essays

WHEN Is a focus on the primary medical management of women’s health throughout the phases of a man’s life. Many aspects of a woman’s life are variables that will affect her general health and wellness. For example, relationships, children, career, family, finances, environmental factors, spirituality, and other influences collectively impact a woman’s health and wellness. We will write a custom essay sample on Ways of KNowing or any similar topic only for you Order Now In my own nursing experience, I recall a difficult client care situation that perplexed me with serious ethical questions and allowed me to unfold a â€Å"bigger picture† of the woman’s life. This woman contracted HIVE during her first sexual encounter at the age on nineteen. I had the privilege of knowing her when she was the age of thirty-three which for her was the end of her life due to the disease processes. I spent a good deal of time with her In clinical practice and came to a full understanding and appreciation of her life story but not at first. I created many barriers for myself and for her with respect to vast commodities and clinical needs beyond comparison to many other patients I had encountered. The barriers were created because of my intolerance and objectivity I had created against the WAITED population. I learned later that she was the loving mother of a child that she could not physically see because she had lost her eyesight. She was alone. She was abandoned by the father of the child who was the carrier of the HIVE she had contracted. She was angry. She was scared. She was mistreated and abused by her family and the system. My moment of knowing myself finally came when I was able to see myself as being this person. She could have been anybody life story. During this time I was able to re-evaluate my personal feelings and biases and this particular tuition brought to fruitful a nurse that was less Judgmental, more understanding, more tolerant, and most Importantly more knowing. This happened long before I knew there was Integrated Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing. All the while, we nurses have been developing ways of knowing and like many of my fellow undergraduate nurses, I did not acknowledge the term â€Å"Knowing† in the sense of an art. Former clinical experiences have influenced how I acquire knowledge in my latter clinical practice. I use an integrated approach to the collection and analysis of ATA from personal, ethical, and empirical perspectives. Personally, I am aware that I am human and can easily become consumed in opinions and prejudices. I understand that ownership of a prejudice in nursing creates barriers that will not allow the nurse patient relationship to flourish. The nurse’s failure in realizing the self as a potential barrier Is also the nurse’s failure In delivering the most therapeutic and holistic care possible. I consider psychosocial, demographic, ethnic, cultural, and/ or religious factors that may bear weight on a therapeutic plan of care. I pay attention to facial expressions, educational level, language, and family members. Is religious practices that prevent certain treatments? Is the patient in pain? These are important questions that I ask or observe for gathering information and formulating a specific plan of care. What can I do as the primary nurse to be part of a therapeutic clinical plan of care? What can I say to add words of comfort in times of fear? How can I be proactive in the community to raise a level of awareness concerning senseless acts of violence or the spread of disease and infection? Am I using the best possible aseptic techniques to facilitate the most optimal outcomes during wound care and other invasive procedures? A combination of clinical objectivity, personal knowing, and ethical/disciplinary knowing are utilized during clinical practice to ensure I deliver the best care I can to the patients that I serve. The Phenomenon of Interest that I would like to further examine is as follows: Investigating the quality of life and health in infertility. How to cite Ways of KNowing, Papers Ways of Knowing Free Essays I choose to talk on this essay about how they have an Impact on my process of acquiring knowledge are: 1) Emotion 2) Memory 3) Reason I will start with emotion. I believe emotion has a great role on all individuals’ process of acquiring knowledge. That’s because emotion Is Interfering in our choices at all moments. We will write a custom essay sample on Ways of Knowing or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example: When I started writing this essay I had to choose three from seven ways of knowing, and my emotions play a key role in this choice because I ended up choosing the ones I like the best, and now I will write a completely different say from which I would if I had chosen any other of the seven ways of knowing and this will have an impact on my process of acquiring knowledge. Another daily example of when emotion comes into its defining role is when we come into the position of having to choose where we are going to eat, at which restaurant. Emotion might lead us to choose our favorite restaurant other than trying out a new restaurant and this is avoiding us to try out new experiences, learn new food tastes and therefore emotion again has an impact on my/everybody process of acquiring knowledge. However emotion might also have a positive impact on ones process of acquiring knowledge. For example, I once traveled to New Zealand and had the chance to bungee Jump. My parents told me not to jump, they were scared that I could hurt myself Jumping, but my emotions told me that I should Jump, that It would be a good experience, something new. And so I did. Exposed myself to something new and therefore learned something, acquired knowledge. And all this positive acquiring of knowledge was only possible because my emotion told me to jump, to try something new. I believe memory has a very negative role on an individual’s process of acquiring knowledge. That’s due to the fact the many times people try something out and have a negative experience and this first negative experience stays in their memory and blocks them from trying this actively again and possibly having a positive second experience. I myself have many example of a blocking first negative experience. For example: When I was a kid, I tried this Russian food called â€Å"standoff’ once and didn’t like it, because of this experience I have never tried it again and this has avoided me from possibly having a positive second experience and possibly liking the dish very much, but the memory from the first negative experience has blocked me from ever having the second try. However memory can have some positive effects on an Individual’s process of aqualung knowledge. For example: You might not have seen a friend for a long time, and you pass by him on the street. If it wasn’t for your memory you might not recognize him and call his attention so that you two could meet each other after so many years and chat. If it wasn’t for your memory (which allowed you to recognize your friend) you would not be able to meet him and chat with him, therefore you would not learn what he has been up too In the last few years. This recognition allowed an encounter which opens has been up too in the last few years). Reason is very similar to emotion, they are linked in a way, some say they are opposites. Reason is present in every decision we make. Using the example from emotion about the restaurants, reason might be present. For example: You might chose between restaurant A and restaurant B because restaurant A serves a type of food you like the best, that’s reason involved in your Judgment. But how can reason affect your process of acquiring knowledge? Well, when studying for a test, you might be undecided whether to study from a book or study from the internet. When taking this decision you will (maybe even unconsciously) use reason to decide whether to study from a book or from the internet, and when you do so you will then have effectively affected your process of acquiring knowledge, as you will now be acquiring knowledge for your test from a different source. One personal example of how reason has affected my process of acquiring knowledge was when I was undecided whether to buy a book called â€Å"How to rap† or a book called â€Å"The www-tang manual†. I used reason on deciding which book to buy, Judging the pros and the cons of each book. And I finally decided to buy â€Å"How to rap†. This truly had an impact on my process of acquiring knowledge because I am now acquiring knowledge from the book â€Å"How to rap† but if my reason process had decided that â€Å"The www-tang manual† was a better book then I would be acquiring knowledge from â€Å"The www-tang manual†. Therefore reason helped me choose between two different sources of knowledge and now I am acquiring knowledge from one of them and not the other, therefore my process of acquiring knowledge has be affected. Reason might not always make you make the best decisions, it all depends on how you’re reasoning process is made, but it surely happens in every decision we cake, Just like emotion. As a conclusion, I believe that all seven ways of knowing has an impact on an individual’s process of acquiring knowledge. Some might be positive sometimes and some might be negative sometimes, but they are always taking a role, no matter if positively or negatively in or decisions and in or process of acquiring knowledge. The seven ways of knowing are present in or day to day lives (as seen in the examples given) and therefore it this important to understand how these impact our process of acquiring knowledge so that we can have better control of the effect these take in our life. How to cite Ways of Knowing, Papers

Ways Of Reading The Tempest Essay Research free essay sample

Wayss Of Reading The Tempest Essay, Research Paper WAYS OF READING THE TEMPEST: Greenblatt Vs Schneider Shakespeare unfavorable judgment has long been recognised as a standard to switch in our critical discourses. The undermentioned paper constitutes an scrutiny of two conflicting discourses. The analysis will be confined to the positions presented in Stephen Greenblatt # 8217 ; s article entitled # 8220 ; Martial Law in the Land of Cockaigne # 8221 ; and Ben Ross Schneider, Jr # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Are We Being Historical Yet? # 8221 ; : Colonialist Interpretations of Shakespeare # 8217 ; s Tempest # 8211 ; a competition, if you will, between two different theoretical places as to where the text lies. In his article entitled # 8220 ; Are We Being Historical Yet? # 8221 ; : Colonialist Interpretations of Shakespeare # 8217 ; s Tempest, Ben Ross Schneider, Jr extends Carolyn Porter # 8217 ; s review of new historicism to recent work on The Tempest. Included in Schneider # 8217 ; s survey of eight recent analyses of The Tempest, is Stephen Greenblatt # 8217 ; s article # 8220 ; Martial Law in the Land of Cockaigne. # 8221 ; Schneider argues that by taking colonialism as a frame, and so # 8220 ; reifying # 8221 ; it as if it were # 8220 ; coterminus with the bounds of discourse in general, # 8221 ; the new historicists marginalize non merely a big field of relevant modern-day discourse, but besides The Tempest itself ( Schneider 121 ) . Schneider maintains that the great assortment of theoretical underpinning in the set of essays fails to bring forth a corresponding assortment of reading ( Schneider 122 ) . He so proceeds to foreground those countries of the drama which provide the common land for new historicist reading. It is non, nevertheless, the purpose of this paper to analyze the five different countries mentioned by Schneider. What is more of import for the writer, is the competition that exists between the different theoretical places as to where the text lies. The new historicists will be represented by Stephen Greenblatt, the opposing theoretical discourse will take the signifier of Ben Ross Schneider, Jr. Schneider # 8217 ; s hunt for a timeless significance to The Tempest ( a end, which is unusually similar to that of the old autotelic historicist ) rests on an extended field of early modern European discourse, whose roots can be traced back to Roman and Greek beginning paperss. In his effort to set up a specific causal relationship, something that Greenblatt # 8217 ; s circulation of societal energy threatens to wipe out, Schneider maintains that we must analyze the yesteryear. He argues that # 8220 ; before we declare the Jacobean place on colonialism, shouldn # 8217 ; t we know what ethical tools the Jacobeans brought to the undertaking of judging it? # 8221 ; ( Schneider 130 ) This strikes at the bosom of Greenblatt # 8217 ; s statement, as his anecdotes and subsequent avowals stem from the Jacobean place on colonialism. Greenblatt uses the relationship between The Tempest and one of its presumed beginnings, William Strachey # 8217 ; s history of the tempest that struck an English fleet edge for the newcomer settlement at Jamestown, as a theoretical account in order to show the complex circulation between the societal dimension of an aesthetic scheme and the aesthetic dimension of a societal scheme ( Greenblatt 147 ) . The drama was performed long before Strachey # 8217 ; s narrative was printed, but bookmans presume that Shakespeare read a manuscript version of the work, which takes the signifier of a confidential missive written to a certain # 8220 ; baronial lady # 8221 ; ( Greenblatt 147 ) . Greenblatt highlights the significance of the relation between the two texts, or instead what he refers to as # 8220 ; the establishments that the texts serve # 8221 ; ( Greenblatt 148 ) . Harmonizing to Greenblatt, William Strachey was a stockholder and secretary of the Virginia Company # 8217 ; s settlement at Jamestown. Apparently, his missive on the events of 1609-10 was unpublished until 1625 because the Virginia Company was engaged in a vigorous propaganda and fiscal run on behalf of the settlement, and the company # 8217 ; s leaders found Strachey # 8217 ; s study excessively upseting to let it into print ( Greenblatt 148 ) . Shakespeare was besides a stockholder in a joint-stock company, the King # 8217 ; s Men, every bit good as its chief dramatist and erstwhile histrion ( Greenblatt 148 ) . Neither joint-stock company was a direct agent of the Crown and therefore could non trust on royal fiscal support in times of demand. Committed for their endurance to pulling investing capital and turning a net income, both companies depended on their ability to market narratives that would excite, involvement, and attract protagonists ( Greenblatt 148 ) . In his artic le, Greenblatt proposes that the relation between the drama and its alleged beginning is a relation between joint-stock companies. He does, nevertheless, emphasise that these associations do non amount to a direct transportation of belongingss. What takes topographic point is # 8220 ; a system of mimetic instead than contractual exchange # 8221 ; ( Greenblatt 149 ) . Greenblatt advocates that the concurrence of Strachey # 8217 ; s unpublished missive and Shakespeare # 8217 ; s play signals an institutional circulation of culturally important narrations. This circulation has as its cardinal concern the public direction of anxiousness. In his article, Greenblatt demonstrates how the Bermuda narration is made negotiable, turned into a currency that may be transferred from one institutional context to another ( Greenblatt 155 ) . Greenblatt argues that this procedure allows elements from Strachey # 8217 ; s missive to be transformed and recombined with stuffs drawn from other authors about the New World. One such concluding merchandise is William Shakespeare # 8217 ; s The Tempest. As a important point of mention, Schneider references Ruth Kelso # 8217 ; s bibliography of Renaissance books refering to the Doctrine of the English Gentleman ( 1929 ) and The Doctrine for the Lady ( 1956 ) . Schneider emphasises the nexus between Shakespeare # 8217 ; s play and Professor Kelso # 8217 ; s findings, summarized in her 2nd book: # 8220 ; the majority of all that these treatises contain is made up of platitudes, culled largely from the ancients, whose names besprinkle the pages of all authors # 8230 ; . There is plentifulness of grounds that these same platitudes were non of mere academic involvement, for the letters, addresss and fiction of the clip are full of the same thoughts and regulations for behavior # 8221 ; ( Schneider 130 ) . Schneider points out that since both rhetoric and history were given strong moral accent, it may be said that the universities were to a great extent schools of virtuousness. Furthermore, Professor Kelso # 8217 ; s list of those a ncients most normally cited in behavior books consists soley of Plato, Aristotle, Cicero and Seneca ( Schneider 131 ) . Schneider holds that since merely scholars during the Renaissance period normally read Greek, Cicero and Seneca provided the greatest influence in footings of the reading public ( Schneider 131 ) . Harmonizing to Schneider, Cicero # 8217 ; s De Officiis and Seneca # 8217 ; s Essays and Epistles comprised the chief conduits of classical moral though T in Shakespeare’s clip. Schneider adds to his statement that of Ann Jennalie Cook # 8217 ; s, featured in her book The Privileged Playgoers of Shakespeare # 8217 ; s London 1576-1642. Cook # 8217 ; s grounds suggests that the best educated and most well-read section of society composed the chief organic structure of Shakespeare # 8217 ; s audience. Schneider advocators that the field of discourse mentioned above, would hold been a major agencies of communicating between Shakespeare and a audience which was # 8220 ; steeped in classical morality # 8221 ; ( Schneider 132 ) . This platform provides Schneider with the ammo for his averment that Stoicism, like feminist discourse presents, acted as the prevailing discourse during the Renaissance period and accordingly dominated the manner other discourses were understood. Schneider # 8217 ; s averments raise as many inquiries as they seems to reply # 8211 ; the booby trap of any theoretical discourse possibly. In Schneider # 8217 ; s quest for a additive patterned advance of moral thoughts and values, the statement he constructs remainders on another. It assumes two things. First, that Shakespeare # 8217 ; s audience preponderantly consisted of the best educated and most well-read section of society. Second, that the audience who went to watch The Tempest, or any other drama for that affair, must hold been versed or at least familiar with the rules advocated by Cicero and Seneca. If this is non the instance, so Schneider # 8217 ; s statement appears to hold no foundation whatsoever. What occurs is a interruption in Schneider # 8217 ; s linear, causal concatenation. One might reason that such values were built-in in Renaissance society, and when performed were easy identifiable. Such a answer, nevertheless, seems to interrupt away from the fixed, causal relationship that Schneider wishes to enforce and appears to come in the kingdom of circulation. Schneider continues to press place his averments in the 4th country of common land, the # 8220 ; discourse of choler # 8221 ; . Schneider argues that if we identify Prospero as an example of the Senecan angry adult male, his behavior is easier to explicate. For Seneca, choler is one of the two most destructive passions that plague world. Anger [ he says ] is impermanent lunacy. For it is every bit barren of self-denial, forgetful of decency, forgetful of ties, persistent and diligent in whatever it begins, closed to ground and councel, excited by piddling causes, unfit to spot the right and true ( Schneider 133 ) . In an effort to derive credibleness, Schneider highlights the similarity between Prospero and Shakespeare # 8217 ; s list of # 8220 ; angry lunatics # 8221 ; , whose rage drives them down an irreversible class to certain catastrophe, notably Lear, Hotspur, Coriolanus, Macbeth, Othello, and Timon ( Schneider 133 ) . Anger interrupts the narrative of Prospero # 8217 ; s deposition. Anger restrains Ariel # 8217 ; s opposition and punishes Caliban # 8217 ; s insubordination with utmost inhuman treatment. Schneider cites other illustrations of choler within The Tempest, and provinces that Prospero is governed by choler and is non, as romantic critics suppose, in control of his sphere. Schneider one time once more refers to Seneca # 8217 ; s Hagiographas # 8220 ; a adult male can non be called powerful # 8211 ; no, non even free if he is the prisoner of his choler # 8221 ; ( Schneider 133 ) . Schneider uses Seneca # 8217 ; s work to foreground the dramas usage of Stoic linguisti c communication. He maintains that The Tempest incorporates Seneca # 8217 ; s recommended positions when, prompted by his # 8220 ; nobler ground # 8221 ; , Prospero admits his common humanity # 8211 ; admits # 8220 ; experiencing [ the same ] passion as they # 8221 ; ( Schneider 133 ) . Schneider argues that Seneca # 8217 ; s work elucidates other cardinal elements of The Tempest and provides the principle behind Prospero # 8217 ; s behavior. Seneca advocates # 8220 ; that you may non be angry with persons, you must forgive world at big, you must allow indulgence to the human race. # 8221 ; This reveals Prospero # 8217 ; s concluding place with regard to Caliban, # 8220 ; This thing of darkness I acknowledge mine # 8221 ; . On a moral degree Schneider argues, it is # 8220 ; non so perplexing a comment # 8230 ; as it is in the stricly-framed position of colonialist critics # 8221 ; ( Schneider 134 ) . In the 5th country of his analysis, entitled # 8220 ; Discourse of Freedom # 8221 ; , Schneider notes the importance of freedom in The Tempest. Three acts near on freedom, and the drama ends with the word # 8220 ; free. # 8221 ; At the terminal of act 1, Ariel asks for his freedom. At the terminal of act 2, Caliban runs wing shouting # 8220 ; Freedom, high-day! # 8221 ; Act 4 terminals with Prospero assuring Ariel his freedom after one more undertaking ( Schneider 134 ) . Schneider points out that if freedom is mastery, act 3 besides ends on freedom, when Prospero has his enemies where he wants them. Schneider notes the influence of Seneca and the Stoic context that exists before the drama begins, before Antonio usurped Prospero # 8217 ; s dukedom. Prospero sought freedom of the organic structure from the attentions of office and retired to his chamber to analyze the # 8220 ; broad humanistic disciplines # 8221 ; ( Schneider 135 ) . Harmonizing to Schneider, Seneca opposed t he survey of # 8220 ; broad humanistic disciplines # 8221 ; , with the execption of doctrine, because their purpose was to do money. Cicero takes a subdued position of loath decision makers like Prospero, declaring that # 8221 ; to be drawn by survey off from active life is contrary to moral duty. # 8221 ; The nature of Greenblatt # 8217 ; s attack and the flexibleness of his statement makes it hard to assail in a direct mode. While he seems to contradict the influence of authors such as Cicero and Seneca, his construct of circulation allows for the incorporation of new discourses. No specific causal relationship is required. Schneider # 8217 ; s talk about appears to be less flexible. The causal relationship demanded by Schneider and theoreticians like Frank Kermode, requires consecutive, additive patterned advance from one period to another. In other words, a direct nexus. Source X lends itself to beginning Y, which in bend lends itself to Source Z. If Source X is found non to do Source Y so the procedure breaks down. Schneider # 8217 ; s unfavorable judgment of the new historicists, is that they are confined by a model of colonialism and accordingly, are blinded by it. They become limited in the sense that are non unfastened to a broad scope of possibilities. The competition appears to be an eternal argument affecting two discources that, in this writer # 8217 ; s sentiment, can neer be successfully argued to decision because both theories rest on different rules. Any one theory will presume some things in order assume others. Consequently, the theory will be blind to certain countries in order to clarify others. The fast one is to pick that theoretical account which appropriates the most pregnant. In this case, that pick lies with Stephen Greenblatt. Bibliography Stephen Greenblatt, # 8220 ; Martial jurisprudence in the land of Cockaigne # 8221 ; , in Shakespearian Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energy in Renaissance England ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988 ) . Ben Ross Schneider, Jr, # 8220 ; Are We Being Historical Yet? # 8221 ; : Colonialist Interpretations of Shakespeare # 8217 ; s Tempest, Shakespeare Studies 23 ( 1995 ) , 120-45.

Fiscal Policy and Sovereign Debt Crises

Introduction The term macro in English language has its origin in the Greek language term makros which means large.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Fiscal Policy and Sovereign Debt Crises specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Macroeconomics, therefore, studies economic problems from the point of view of entire economy such as aggregate consumption, aggregate employment, national income, and general price level of goods and services (Jain 2007, p. 4). It is the part of economics which studies the over all averages and aggregates of the economic system. In macroeconomics, attention is generally focused on such problems as the level of employment, the rate of inflation, the nation’s total output, and other matters of economic wide significance (Hansen 2003, p. 83). Ordinarily, therefore, macroeconomics is concerned with the economy as a whole or large segment of it. According to Cauvery (2007, p. 51), the scope o f macroeconomics is the use of economic resources at the national level. Apparently, these are the very resources that have their effect on national income, employment, effective demand, aggregate saving, aggregate investment, price level, and the general economic development of a country. This paper discusses two main questions that are related to the subject of macroeconomics. The first part looks at what fiscal policy is and why fiscal deficits and increases in government debt occur. The second part then deals with why some governments have experienced sovereign debt crises and to what extent efforts to reduce government debt risk creating can double-dip recessions. Question 1a: Understanding Fiscal Policy and Why Fiscal Deficits and Increases in Government Debt OccurAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What is Fiscal Policy? According to Dwivedi (2010, p. 601), fiscal polic y can be defined in general terms as a government’s program of making discretionary changes in the pattern and level of its expenditure, taxation, and borrowings in order to achieve certain economic goals such as economic growth, employment, income equality, and stabilization of the economy on the path to growth. Fiscal policy may also be regarded as any decision to change the level, composition, or timing of government expenditure or to vary the burden, structure or frequency of the tax payment (Shaikh 2010, p. 256). It is also the process of shaping taxation and public expenditure to help dampen the swings of the business cycle and contribute to the maintenance of a growing high employment economy that is free from high or volatile inflation. According to Jain (2007, p. 160), fiscal policy is the policy related to revenue and, expenditure of the government for achieving a set of definite objectives. Apparently, fiscal policy relates to treasury or government exchequer and i ts significance has greatly increased in the recent past. In summary, the role of fiscal policy is confined largely to stabilization of employment and price level. A narrow concept of fiscal policy is budgetary policy. Whilst budgetary policy refers to current revenue and expenditure of the financial year, fiscal policy refers to the budgetary operations including both current and capital receipts and expenditure. The essence of fiscal policy lies, in fact, in the budgetary operations of the government. Typically, the two sides of the government budget are receipts and expenditure. The total receipts of the government are made up of tax and non tax revenue and borrowings, including deficit financing. The items in the budget represent the budgetary resources of the government.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Fiscal Policy and Sovereign Debt Crises specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The government expenditure refer s to the total expenditure made by the government in any given fiscal year. Generally, the total government expenditure is constituted by payments for goods and services, wages and salaries, interest and loan repayments, subsidies, pensions and grants in aid, and so on. From economic analysis point of view, receipt items give the measure of the flow of money from the private sector to the government sector. The government expenditure on the other hand, represents the flow of money from the government to the economy as a whole. The government’s receipts are inflows and expenditures are outflows. Using its statutory powers, the government can change the magnitude and composition of inflows and outflows and thereby the magnitudes of macroeconomic variables which include aggregate consumption expenditure, and private savings and investments. The magnitude and composition of inflows and outflows can be altered by making changes in taxation and government spending. The policy under which these changes are made is called the fiscal policy. The Scope of Fiscal Policy The scope of fiscal policy comprises the fiscal instruments and the target variables. Fiscal instruments are the variables that the government can use and maneuver at its own discretion to achieve certain economic goals. Fiscal instruments include taxation, direct and indirect, government expenditure, transfer payments, grants and subsidies, and public investment. The target variable on the other hand, are the macro variables including disposable income, aggregate consumption expenditure, savings and investment, imports and exports, and the level and structure of prices (Dwivedi 2010, p. 602).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Why Fiscal Deficits and Increases in Government Debt Occur There are various reasons why fiscal deficits and increases in government debt occur. In the United States, for example, the government’s budget deficit is attributed to the country’s poor saving habits. Apparently, most American families save a smaller fraction of their incomes than their counterparts in many other countries such as Japan and Germany. Although the reasons for these international differences are not clear, many policy makers in the United States view the low level of saving as a major problem that drives the government into heavy borrowing in order to meet its obligations to its citizens (Mankiw 2008, p. 282). In most cases, a country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services. However, this productivity gets affected when citizens do not save as much as they should since saving is regarded as an important long run determinant of a nation’s level of productivity. If, for instance, the United States could somehow raise its saving level, the growth rate of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) would increase, and over time, the citizens of the United States of America would enjoy a higher standard of living. Despite the fact that the a country may be driven into budget deficits and subsequent debt as a result of poor saving habits among its citizens, the government also has a major part to play in encouraging its people to save more. Many economists have used this argument to suggest that the low saving rate in the United States is at least partly attributable to unfriendly tax laws that discourage saving. In general, many state governments collect revenue by taxing all forms of income received by individuals or corporations. In response to this problem, many economist and law makers have proposed reforming the tax code so as to encourage greater saving. The effect of such a saving incentive on the market for loanable funds is illustr ated by figure 1 (Mankiw 2008, p. 283). As can be seen from the figure, a change in the tax laws to encourage individuals and corporations to save more would shift the supply of loanable funds to the right from S1 to S2. As a result, the equilibrium interest rate would fall, and the lower interest rate would stimulate investment. Whilst the equilibrium interest rate declines from 5 per cent to 4 percent the total amount that may be given out in form of loans increases from $ 1,200 billions to $ 1,600 billions. Figure 1: Saving Incentives Increase the Supply of Loanable Funds Although this analysis of the effects of increased saving is widely accepted among economists, there is little consensus about what kinds of tax changes should be enacted. Many economists endorse tax reforms aimed at increasing saving to stimulate investment and growth. Others, however, are skeptical that such tax changes would have much effect on national saving. These skeptics also doubt the equity of the pro posed reforms. They argue that, in many cases, the benefits of tax changes would accrue primarily to wealthy people, who are least in the need of tax relief (Gupta 2004, p.124). Fiscal budget deficits and increased borrowing are also attributed to less attractive investment incentives. Tax reforms aimed at making investment more attractive will definitely bring many investors on board and the final result would be an improved economy. An investment tax credit, for example, gives a tax advantage to any firm building a new factory or buying new equipment, and this encourages many to invest. Figure 2 shows the effect of a government budget deficit. Figure 2: Effect of Government Budget Deficit When the government spends more than it receives in tax revenue, the resulting budget deficit lowers national saving. The supply of loanable funds decreases and the equilibrium interest rate rises. As depicted by the figure, when the supply shifts from S1 to S2, the equilibrium interest rate ris es from 5 per cent to 6 per cent, and the equilibrium quantity of loanable funds saved and invested falls from $ 1,200 billions to $ 800 billions. Question 1b: Why some Governments have Experienced Sovereign Debt Crises and to what Extent Efforts to Reduce Government Debt Risk Creating can Double-Dip Recessions As explained previously, some countries have ended up in deficits and heavy spending as a result of having unfriendly tax policies that, to a large extent, lead to low saving by citizens and discourage investments. According to Giles (2012, p. 1), fiscal policy can not provide a lasting solution to all economic problems. There are other factors that also affect the economy. In the United Kingdom, the idea of cutting down government expenditure and the rapid increase in the rate of taxation have failed to yield the desired results. On the contrary, they have are blamed for slow economic growth and high unemployment. This in turn, has forced the government to borrow more in ord er to offset its budget deficit. Summers (2012, p. 1) suggests that a better way to deal with Britain’s economic challenges is to first realize that lack of demand is the main factor that is preventing its economy to progress. According to Krugman and Layard (2012, p. 1), the present economic woes are can be attributed to the fact that many countries are operating based on ideas that worked so many decades ago. There is, therefore, a need to create policies that are suitable for the present economic environment. Among others, most economic problems are caused by irresponsible public borrowing behavior and the high levels of poverty and unemployment which leave many individuals economically powerless. It will, therefore, be beneficial for the government to work hard to empower citizens economically. With friendly economic policies in place, many individuals will be encouraged to participate more actively in growing the economy. Reference List Cauvery, R 2007, Public Finance: F iscal Policy, S. Chand Company Limited, New Delhi. Dwivedi, DN 2010, Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy, 3E, Tata McGraw-Hill Education Private Limited, New Delhi, India. Giles, C 2012, Fiscal Policy can’t Cure all Britain’s Ills. Web. Gupta, GS 2004, Macroeconomics; Theory and Applications, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi. Hansen, B 2003, The Economic Theory of Fiscal Policy, Volume 3, Routledge, London, UK. Jain, TR 2007, Macroeconomics Management, FK Publications, New Delhi, India. Krugman, P Layard, R 2012, A Manifesto for Economic Sense. Web. Mankiw, NG 2008, Principles of Macroeconomics, Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. Shaikh, S 2010, Business Environment, 2/E, Pearson Education India, New Delhi, India. Summers, L 2012, Britain Risks a Lost Decade unless it Changes Course. Web. This report on Fiscal Policy and Sovereign Debt Crises was written and submitted by user Giovani I. to help you with your own studies. 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Thesis Statement On How Edgar Allan Poes Writings Illuminate His Upbringing

Thesis Statement On How Edgar Allan Poes Writings Illuminate His Upbringing My thesis statement is that Edgar Allan Poe's writings illuminate his upbringing. His writings illuminate his upbringing because his childhood was very hard, full of darkness, and he never experienced love from a parent. Therefore he thought the world was like his life was, dark and dreary. So that is why his stories are always sad, and full of heartbreak.The writings by Edgar Alan Poe are for the most part sad, dark, dreary, and mysterious, they are just like how his life was. After the age of two Poe never had real parents only people who looked after him after his parents died. He didn't know if his home was only temporary or if it was for good, for all he knew the people he was living with could kick him out of their house and stop supporting him. He lived his life day by day not knowing what the next day would bring or if he would have a house to live in the next day.English: Edgar Allan Poe's room

The Chinese Knight Errant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Chinese Knight Errant - Essay Example However, the material realm is inadequate to construct a more complete definition of what it means to be a Knight Errant, as many of the qualities are the abstract concepts that go hand in hand with morality. The Knight Errant is a principle. It is the principle of right and wrong that guides our decisions as we pursue our ethical objectives. When faced with a moral dilemma, a solution could be forthcoming by simply asking ourselves; What would a Knight Errant do In the answer we would find truth, honesty, compassion, obligation, sincerity, respect, and a wealth of human spirituality that makes us genuinely and uniquely a moral human being. The Knight Errant is selfless in their pursuit of justice in the name of righteousness. This is not a half-hearted endeavor to settle a score or seek revenge for a wrong committed against oneself or one's family. The Knight Errant serves righteousness as a subject serves a master. The only purpose of their actions is to remain true to their moral code that mandates doing the right thing without regards to personal cost, loss, or gain. In the story The Sung Founder Escorts Ching-Niang One Thousand Li translated by LS Lieu, the protagonist Chao K'uang-yin escorts a beautiful young lady through treacherous territory on a journey back to her home. The Knight Errant is a perfect gentleman and never pursues the lady from an aspect of lust. Her family questions the fact that any man could be so pure of heart. Chao is genuinely miffed that anyone would question his motives for helping the beautiful girl. When asked about it he flies into a rage and shouts, "I came here out of righteousness, but you've insulted me with such words. If I coveted her beauty, we'd have been married on the way" (74). This was not a false sense of being forced to do the right thing, it was a genuine display of righteousness that transcends our everyday decisions to behave and act in an acceptable manner. The Knight Errant was not simply following his social norms; he was being true to himself and his beliefs. The acts of a Knight Errant, and the core principle of righteousness, carry over across time and culture as we view it from the perspective of our own value system and look at it through the lens of our current social context. While many of the acts may seem violent and gruesome, their horror is diluted by the principle of justice. Just as the Knight Errant is not a man, the deeds they commit are not the acts. A Knight that kills another man is not a murderer, but an instrument of faith that is correcting a past injustice or a current threat. The deed of killing is not murder, but an act that rectifies past wrongs or eliminates present dangers. In addition, the character does not have to carry the label of Knight Errant to perform as one. The entity and its acts are merely the results of the motivation that drives the action. It is not a formalized or well-defined schema. In the story The Lady Knight Errant translated by LS Lieu, a young woman is asked what she is carrying in the lea ther bag by her side. She replies "The head of my enemy" (80). Her friend curiously looks inside the bag. "He saw a bearded head, all smashed and smeared with blood" (80). The woman continues to

The history of cremation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The history of cremation - Essay Example "With the advent of the Bronze Age -- 2500 to 1000 B.C. -- cremation history moved into the British Isles and into what is now Spain and Portugal. Cemeteries for cremation developed in Hungary and northern Italy, spreading to northern Europe and even Ireland. In the Mycenaean Age -- circa 1000 B.C. -- the history cremation became an integral part of the elaborate Grecian burial custom." (Cremation History). By the time of Homer in 800 B.C., cremation turned out to be one of the most dominant modes of disposition and it became popular for reasons of health and expedient burial of slain warriors. Cremation was widely practiced during the time of the Roman Empire, i.e. 27 B.C. to 395 A.D. and the elaborate cremation urns containing cremated remains were found from this period. During the middle ages, cremation was forbidden by law all through Europe and it was used as a means of punishment for heretics by authorities. However, there were cases of mass cremations which were performed out of necessity during the times of contagious diseases, war etc.

Desirees Baby Analysis of Racism

Desirees Baby Analysis of Racism We live our life within the boundaries of our belief systems and moral guidelines we were raised with such as social classes and race .The story tells about love, slavery, and racism victimizes everybody without equivalent consequence. The story is heaped with ironies. The narrator uses symbolism and irony to convey the themes of half-blood, racial hatred, unequal gender roles, and social ladder. Irony and symbolism are also used to enhance the story, captivating the minds of the reader until the very end. Foreshadowing his belief that Desirees   ancestry is possibly African-American . As the child begin to get older her skin pigmentation darkens and Armand feels as the baby is not his child Monsieur Valmonde grew practical and wanted things well considered: that is, the girls obscure origin. Armand looked into her eyes and did not care. He was reminded that she was nameless. What did it matter about a name when he could give her one of the oldest and proudest in Louisiana? Armands makes you feel as since the child had African-American heritage he dont want any responsibility for the child be name after him . Desiree mother feels like there was a racial indifferences between the child and the parents after she took the child to the window to see if it was the lighting in the home . This is not the baby! she exclaimed, in startled tones. French was the language spoken at Valmonde in those days. This comparison between Desirees baby and Zandrine could be that she feels the they are both bi-racial. At this point Desirees notices the difference in her the baby herself, When the baby was about three months old, Desiree awoke one day to the conviction that there was something in the air menacing her peace. It was at first too subtle to grasp. It had only been a disquieting suggestion; an air of mystery among the blacks; unexpected visits from far-off neighbors who could hardly account for their coming. One of La Blanches little quadroon boyshalf naked toostood fanning the child slowly with a fan of peacock feathers. Desirees eyes had been fixed absently and sadly upon the baby, while she was striving to penetrate the threatening mist that she felt closing about her. She looked from her child to the boy who stood beside him, and back again; over and over. Ah! It was a cry that she could not help; which she was not conscious of having uttered. The blood turned like ice in her veins, and a clammy moisture gathered upon her face. She stayed motionless, with gaze riveted upon her child, and her face the picture of fright. She confronts her husband for understanding,   Ã‚  Ã‚   Armand, she panted once more, clutching his arm, look at our child. What does it mean? Tell me.   Ã‚  Ã‚   He coldly but gently loosened her fingers from about his arm and thrust the hand away from him. Tell me what it means! she cried despairingly.   Ã‚  Ã‚   It means, he answered lightly, that the child is not white; it means that you are not white. She questions what Armand says and provides evidence to the fact, It is a lie; it is not true, I am white! Look at my hair, it is brown; and my eyes are gray, Armand, you know they are gray. And my skin is fair, seizing his wrist. Look at my hand; whiter than yours, Armand, she laughed hysterically. Armand burns everything that belonged to Desiree and the baby in a huge bonfire. Perhaps as a ritual cleansing of the African American blood, that had tainted, LAbri, his sheltered place.   Some weeks later there was a curious scene enacted at LAbri. In the centre of the smoothly swept back yard was a great bonfire. Armand Aubigny sat in the wide hallway that commanded a view of the spectacle; and it was he who dealt out to a half dozen negroes the material which kept this fire ablaze. While gathering things for the fire he discovers a letter from his mother to his father revealing that it is he that definitely has the Negro blood; although Desirees parentage is unknown. The last thing to go was a tiny bundle of letters; innocent little scribblings that Desiree had sent to him during the days of their espousal. There was the remnant of one back in the drawer from which he took them. But it was not Desirees; it was part of an old letter from his mother to his father. He read it. She was thanking God for the blessing of her husbands love:   Ã‚  Ã‚   But above all, she wrote.   I thank the good God for having so arranged our lives that our dear Armand will never know that his mother, who adores him, belongs to the race that is cursed with the brand of slavery.